Recommended Information
In vitro–differentiated Th1/Th17/Treg cells
Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity Assay (ADCC)
Antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis
Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC)
Cytokine Release Syndrome Risk Assessment (CRS)
Intracellular Cytokine Flow Cytometry
Intracellular cytokine staining involves combining anti-cytokine antibodies with markers specific to particular cell surface or intracellular subsets, thereby enabling the detection of cytokine secretion by different cellular subsets. Th1 cells secrete IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α; Th2 cells secrete IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10.
Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction (MLR)
The mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), also known as mixed lymphocyte culture, refers to the proliferation and activation of T cells in response to stimulation by antigen-presenting cells. The intensity of the MLR is used to assess differences in major histocompatibility antigens and the capacity to respond to allogeneic cells. It is commonly employed in pre-transplant tissue typing to determine the degree of compatibility between recipient and donor major histocompatibility complex (HLA) antigens. Because lymphocytes in the MLR are stimulated by alloantigens, they undergo activation and proliferation, producing a wide array of cytokines that promote the differentiation of cytotoxic effector cells such as NK cells, LAK cells, and CTLs; thus, the MLR serves as a widely used experimental model in immunomodulation research. In vitro, the MLR can be used to simulate the ability of dendritic cells to activate or inhibit T-cell proliferation and cytokine secretion, which is a critical mechanism of action for drugs that exert agonistic or antagonistic effects.
Introduction to Neutralizing Antibodies Against Authentic Viruses
Currently, pseudovirus-based assays closely mimic physiological infection mechanisms and can largely replicate the in vivo therapeutic efficacy; however, there is a substantial discrepancy between neutralization assay results obtained with live viruses and those obtained with pseudoviruses. Therefore, live-virus neutralization assays are an indispensable step in the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines.
In CAR-T cell manufacturing, most retroviruses and lentiviruses used for cellular gene therapy are engineered as replication-deficient viral vectors and are co-transfected using multiple plasmids to express the lentivirus or γ-retrovirus. During production, homologous recombination may occur between the deleted vector backbone and wild-type viral sequences, leading to the generation of replication-competent virus (RCL), which poses a serious risk to human health. Therefore, RCL testing is one of the most critical components of safety assessment.
Nucleic Acid Immunogenicity Assessment
Immunogenicity refers to the immune response elicited when therapeutic proteins, peptides, mRNA, and other biologics are recognized by the body as foreign substances (antigens) and thereby trigger an immune reaction.
Immunogenicity Assessment of Peptides and Impurities
Immunogenicity refers to the immune response elicited when therapeutic proteins, peptides, mRNA, and other biologics are recognized by the body as foreign substances (antigens) and thereby trigger an immune reaction.
Assessment of Immunogenicity of Antibody Therapeutics
Immunogenicity refers to the immune response elicited when therapeutic proteins, peptides, mRNA, and other biologics are recognized by the body as foreign substances (antigens) and thereby trigger an immune reaction.